Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery

Garrett Nelson; Richard A. Kirian; Uwe Weierstall; Nadia A. Zatsepin; Tomáš Faragó; Tilo Baumbach; Fabian Wilde; Fabian B.P. Niesler; Benjamin Zimmer; Izumi Ishigami; Masahide Hikita; Saša Bajt; Syun Ru Yeh; Denis L. Rousseau; Henry N. Chapman; John C.H. Spence; Michael Heymann

doi:10.1364/OE.24.011515

Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery

Garrett Nelson, Richard A. Kirian, Uwe Weierstall, Nadia A. Zatsepin, Tomáš Faragó, Tilo Baumbach, Fabian Wilde, Fabian B.P. Niesler, Benjamin Zimmer, Izumi Ishigami, Masahide Hikita, Saša Bajt, Syun Ru Yeh, Denis L. Rousseau, Henry N. Chapman, John C.H. Spence, Michael Heymann

Biochemistry

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

75 Scopus citations

Abstract

Reliable sample delivery is essential to biological imaging using X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs). Continuous injection using the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) has proven valuable, particularly for time-resolved studies. However, many important aspects of GDVN functionality have yet to be thoroughly understood and/or refined due to fabrication limitations. We report the application of 2-photon polymerization as a form of high-resolution 3D printing to fabricate high-fidelity GDVNs with submicron resolution. This technique allows rapid prototyping of a wide range of different types of nozzles from standard CAD drawings and optimization of crucial dimensions for optimal performance. Three nozzles were tested with pure water to determine general nozzle performance and reproducibility, with nearly reproducible off-axis jetting being the result. X-ray tomography and index matching were successfully used to evaluate the interior nozzle structures and identify the cause of off-axis jetting. Subsequent refinements to fabrication resulted in straight jetting. A performance test of printed nozzles at an XFEL provided high quality femtosecond diffraction patterns.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	11515-11530
Number of pages	16
Journal	Optics Express
Volume	24
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.011515
State	Published - May 30 2016

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

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10.1364/OE.24.011515

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Nelson, G., Kirian, R. A., Weierstall, U., Zatsepin, N. A., Faragó, T., Baumbach, T., Wilde, F., Niesler, F. B. P., Zimmer, B., Ishigami, I., Hikita, M., Bajt, S., Yeh, S. R., Rousseau, D. L., Chapman, H. N., Spence, J. C. H., & Heymann, M. (2016). Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery. Optics Express, 24(11), 11515-11530. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.011515

Nelson, G, Kirian, RA, Weierstall, U, Zatsepin, NA, Faragó, T, Baumbach, T, Wilde, F, Niesler, FBP, Zimmer, B, Ishigami, I, Hikita, M, Bajt, S, Yeh, SR , Rousseau, DL, Chapman, HN, Spence, JCH & Heymann, M 2016, 'Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery', Optics Express, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 11515-11530. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.011515

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title = "Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery",

abstract = "Reliable sample delivery is essential to biological imaging using X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs). Continuous injection using the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) has proven valuable, particularly for time-resolved studies. However, many important aspects of GDVN functionality have yet to be thoroughly understood and/or refined due to fabrication limitations. We report the application of 2-photon polymerization as a form of high-resolution 3D printing to fabricate high-fidelity GDVNs with submicron resolution. This technique allows rapid prototyping of a wide range of different types of nozzles from standard CAD drawings and optimization of crucial dimensions for optimal performance. Three nozzles were tested with pure water to determine general nozzle performance and reproducibility, with nearly reproducible off-axis jetting being the result. X-ray tomography and index matching were successfully used to evaluate the interior nozzle structures and identify the cause of off-axis jetting. Subsequent refinements to fabrication resulted in straight jetting. A performance test of printed nozzles at an XFEL provided high quality femtosecond diffraction patterns.",

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AU - Nelson, Garrett

AU - Kirian, Richard A.

AU - Weierstall, Uwe

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AU - Faragó, Tomáš

AU - Baumbach, Tilo

AU - Wilde, Fabian

AU - Niesler, Fabian B.P.

AU - Zimmer, Benjamin

AU - Ishigami, Izumi

AU - Hikita, Masahide

AU - Bajt, Saša

AU - Yeh, Syun Ru

AU - Rousseau, Denis L.

AU - Chapman, Henry N.

AU - Spence, John C.H.

AU - Heymann, Michael

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N2 - Reliable sample delivery is essential to biological imaging using X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs). Continuous injection using the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) has proven valuable, particularly for time-resolved studies. However, many important aspects of GDVN functionality have yet to be thoroughly understood and/or refined due to fabrication limitations. We report the application of 2-photon polymerization as a form of high-resolution 3D printing to fabricate high-fidelity GDVNs with submicron resolution. This technique allows rapid prototyping of a wide range of different types of nozzles from standard CAD drawings and optimization of crucial dimensions for optimal performance. Three nozzles were tested with pure water to determine general nozzle performance and reproducibility, with nearly reproducible off-axis jetting being the result. X-ray tomography and index matching were successfully used to evaluate the interior nozzle structures and identify the cause of off-axis jetting. Subsequent refinements to fabrication resulted in straight jetting. A performance test of printed nozzles at an XFEL provided high quality femtosecond diffraction patterns.

AB - Reliable sample delivery is essential to biological imaging using X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs). Continuous injection using the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) has proven valuable, particularly for time-resolved studies. However, many important aspects of GDVN functionality have yet to be thoroughly understood and/or refined due to fabrication limitations. We report the application of 2-photon polymerization as a form of high-resolution 3D printing to fabricate high-fidelity GDVNs with submicron resolution. This technique allows rapid prototyping of a wide range of different types of nozzles from standard CAD drawings and optimization of crucial dimensions for optimal performance. Three nozzles were tested with pure water to determine general nozzle performance and reproducibility, with nearly reproducible off-axis jetting being the result. X-ray tomography and index matching were successfully used to evaluate the interior nozzle structures and identify the cause of off-axis jetting. Subsequent refinements to fabrication resulted in straight jetting. A performance test of printed nozzles at an XFEL provided high quality femtosecond diffraction patterns.

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Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery

Abstract

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