The Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease in Long-Term Liver Transplant Recipients

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality post-liver transplantation (OLT). This study focused on investigating the incidence and risk factors associated with the development CKD after OLT. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of recipients followed at least 5 years at our institution. CKD was diagnosed and classified according to National Kidney Foundation and the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. Results: There were 231 patients, 64% men, 67% Caucasian, 16% African-American, and 17% others, with a mean age of 56 ± 13 years. The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the population was 56 ± 28 mL/min/1.73 m². CKD was defined as GFR less than 60 mL/min; 144 patients (61%) were identified as having CKD. When these patients were compared to the non-CKD group, the former were significantly older (62 ± 9 vs 52 ± 12 years, P = .03), more likely to be hypertensive (59% vs 38%, P = .003), and required more antihypertensive medications (0.83 ± 0.81 vs 0.52 ± 0.77, P = .02); 26% of all patients had diabetes. However, the incidence of diabetes (43.3% vs 19.3%, P = .02) as well as the incidence of insulin dependency (21.6% vs 12.5%, P = .001) was significantly higher in the CKD population. Mean uric acid levels were higher in CKD patients compared to non-CKD patients (8.00 ± 2.00 mg/dL vs 6.70 ± 1.99 mg/dL respectively, P = .001); patients with uric acid more than 6.0 had a 1.7 risk of having CKD. Conclusions: CKD defined as GFR < 60 mL/min is highly prevalent in long-term OLT survivors. Older age, elevated systolic blood pressure, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and elevated uric acid levels are independently associated with CKD.