Special supplement to current medical research & opinion: Excessive sleepiness: Under-recognized and essential marker for sleep/wake disorder management

Background: Research during the past few decades has provided substantial evidence indicating that excessive sleepiness (ES) and associated sleep/wake disorders can result in significant morbidity and mortality. However, symptomatology (e.g., ES) and the relationships among common morbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, mood impairment) and sleep/wake disorders remain under-recognized in clinical practice, particularly in primary care. Yet assessment of sleep/wakefulness and associated symptoms can often be easily conducted in the primary care setting, providing valuable information to facilitate the diagnosis and management of sleep/wake disorders. Objective: To provide a conceptual and educational framework that helps primary care physicians comprehensively assess, differentially diagnosis, and appropriately manage patients presenting with ES or ES-related sleep/wake disorders. Methods: Comprised of six sleep specialists and six primary care physicians, the Sleep/Wake Disorders Working Group (SWG) used a modified, two-round Delphi approach to create and harmonize consensus recommendations for the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing management of patients with common sleep/wake disorders related to ES. Results: After a review of the relevant literature, the SWG arrived at consensus on a number of clinical recommendations for the assessment and management ES and some of the most commonly associated sleep/wake disorders. Ten consensus statements - five each for assessment/diagnosis and treatment/ ongoing care - were created for ES, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Conclusion: ES and ES-related sleep/wake disorders are commonly encountered in the primary care setting. By providing an educational framework for primary care physicians, the SWG hopes to improve patient outcomes by emphasizing recognition, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate ongoing management of ES and associated sleep/ wake disorders.