TY - JOUR
T1 - Pain Perception and Management
T2 - Where do We Stand?
AU - Afridi, Bilal
AU - Khan, Haroon
AU - Akkol, Esra K.
AU - Aschner, Michael
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Background: Pain is often flammable, sharp and sometimes described as an electrical shock. It can be categorized in three different ways as nociceptive, neuropathic and inflammatory. Nociceptive pain always originates in specific situations such as in trauma. Neuropathic pain results in nerve damage. In inflammatory pain, inflammatory mediators are involved in the sensitiza-tion of nociceptors. It is important to control the pain as it affects the individual physically, mental-ly, and socially. Objective: Recognizing pain physiopathology and pain pathways, defining the relationship between receptor and transmitter is critical in developing new treatment strategies. In this review, current information on the definitions, classifications, and physiological and chemical mechanisms involved in pain are reviewed. Methods: Various search engines were used to gather related articles/information. Only peer-re-viewed journals were considered. Additional, books/chapters of standard publishers were also in-cluded in the article. Results: With a better understanding of the physiological and chemical mechanisms that play a role in pain, significant improvements have been made in pain treatment. Various oral or intrave-nous drugs, local injection treatments, physical and occupational therapy, electrical stimulation, alternative medicine applications, psychological support, and surgical applications are routinely per-formed in the treatment, dependent upon the type, severity and cause of the pain. Conclusion: Improved understanding of pain physiopathology will serve as the basis for future improvements in the delivery of efficacious and reliable treatments, and is likely to rely on novel tech-nological innovations.
AB - Background: Pain is often flammable, sharp and sometimes described as an electrical shock. It can be categorized in three different ways as nociceptive, neuropathic and inflammatory. Nociceptive pain always originates in specific situations such as in trauma. Neuropathic pain results in nerve damage. In inflammatory pain, inflammatory mediators are involved in the sensitiza-tion of nociceptors. It is important to control the pain as it affects the individual physically, mental-ly, and socially. Objective: Recognizing pain physiopathology and pain pathways, defining the relationship between receptor and transmitter is critical in developing new treatment strategies. In this review, current information on the definitions, classifications, and physiological and chemical mechanisms involved in pain are reviewed. Methods: Various search engines were used to gather related articles/information. Only peer-re-viewed journals were considered. Additional, books/chapters of standard publishers were also in-cluded in the article. Results: With a better understanding of the physiological and chemical mechanisms that play a role in pain, significant improvements have been made in pain treatment. Various oral or intrave-nous drugs, local injection treatments, physical and occupational therapy, electrical stimulation, alternative medicine applications, psychological support, and surgical applications are routinely per-formed in the treatment, dependent upon the type, severity and cause of the pain. Conclusion: Improved understanding of pain physiopathology will serve as the basis for future improvements in the delivery of efficacious and reliable treatments, and is likely to rely on novel tech-nological innovations.
KW - Available analgesic
KW - Neurotransmitters
KW - Nociception
KW - Pain management
KW - Pain pathways
KW - Pain perception
KW - Unwanted effects
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U2 - 10.2174/1874467213666200611142438
DO - 10.2174/1874467213666200611142438
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32525788
AN - SCOPUS:85122973367
SN - 1874-4672
VL - 14
SP - 678
EP - 688
JO - Current Molecular Pharmacology
JF - Current Molecular Pharmacology
IS - 5
ER -