TY - JOUR
T1 - Oral fluid cannabinoids in chronic frequent cannabis smokers during ad libitum cannabis smoking
AU - Lee, Dayong
AU - Vandrey, Ryan
AU - Mendu, Damodara R.
AU - Murray, Jeannie A.
AU - Barnes, Allan J.
AU - Huestis, Marilyn A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PY - 2015/6/1
Y1 - 2015/6/1
N2 - Oral fluid (OF) offers a simple, non-invasive, directly observable sample collection for clinical and forensic drug testing. Given that chronic cannabis smokers often engage in drug administration multiple times daily, evaluating OF cannabinoid pharmacokinetics during ad libitum smoking is important for practical development of analytical methods and informed interpretation of test results. Eleven cannabis smokers resided in a closed research unit for 51days, and underwent four, 5-day oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatments. Each medication period was separated by 9days of ad libitum cannabis smoking from 12:00 to 23:00 h daily. Ten OF samples were collected from 9:00-22:00 h on each of the last ad libitum smoking days (Study Days 4, 18, 32, and 46). As the number of cannabis cigarettes smoked increased over the study days, OF THC, cannabinol (CBN), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) also increased with a significant effect of time since last smoking (Δtime; range, 0.0-17.4 h) and ≥88% detection rates; concentrations on Day 4 were significantly lower than those on Days 32 and 46 but not Day 18. Within 30min of smoking, median THC, CBN, and THCCOOH concentrations were 689 μg/L, 116 μg/L, and 147 ng/L, respectively, decreasing to 19.4 μg/L, 2.4 μg/L, and 87.6 ng/L after 10 h. Cannabidiol and 11-hydroxy-THC showed overall lower detection rates of 29 and 8.6%, respectively. Cannabinoid disposition in OF was highly influenced by Δtime and composition of smoked cannabis. Furthermore, cannabinoid OF concentrations increased over ad libitum smoking days, in parallel with increased cannabis self-administration, possibly reflecting development of increased cannabis tolerance.
AB - Oral fluid (OF) offers a simple, non-invasive, directly observable sample collection for clinical and forensic drug testing. Given that chronic cannabis smokers often engage in drug administration multiple times daily, evaluating OF cannabinoid pharmacokinetics during ad libitum smoking is important for practical development of analytical methods and informed interpretation of test results. Eleven cannabis smokers resided in a closed research unit for 51days, and underwent four, 5-day oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) treatments. Each medication period was separated by 9days of ad libitum cannabis smoking from 12:00 to 23:00 h daily. Ten OF samples were collected from 9:00-22:00 h on each of the last ad libitum smoking days (Study Days 4, 18, 32, and 46). As the number of cannabis cigarettes smoked increased over the study days, OF THC, cannabinol (CBN), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) also increased with a significant effect of time since last smoking (Δtime; range, 0.0-17.4 h) and ≥88% detection rates; concentrations on Day 4 were significantly lower than those on Days 32 and 46 but not Day 18. Within 30min of smoking, median THC, CBN, and THCCOOH concentrations were 689 μg/L, 116 μg/L, and 147 ng/L, respectively, decreasing to 19.4 μg/L, 2.4 μg/L, and 87.6 ng/L after 10 h. Cannabidiol and 11-hydroxy-THC showed overall lower detection rates of 29 and 8.6%, respectively. Cannabinoid disposition in OF was highly influenced by Δtime and composition of smoked cannabis. Furthermore, cannabinoid OF concentrations increased over ad libitum smoking days, in parallel with increased cannabis self-administration, possibly reflecting development of increased cannabis tolerance.
KW - Cannabinoid
KW - Cannabis
KW - Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
KW - Oral fluid
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U2 - 10.1002/dta.1718
DO - 10.1002/dta.1718
M3 - Article
C2 - 25220020
AN - SCOPUS:84930274533
SN - 1942-7603
VL - 7
SP - 494
EP - 501
JO - Drug Testing and Analysis
JF - Drug Testing and Analysis
IS - 6
ER -