Molecular basis of the specific subcellular localization of the C2-like domain of 5-lipoxygenase

The activation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) involves its calcium-dependent translocation to the nuclear envelope, where it catalyzes the two-step transformation of arachidonic acid into leukotriene A4, leading to the synthesis of various leukotrienes. To understand the mechanism by which 5-LO is specifically targeted to the nuclear envelope, we studied the membrane binding properties of the amino-terminal domain of 5-LO, which has been proposed to have a C2 domain-like structure. The model building, electrostatic potential calculation, and in vitro membrane binding studies of the isolated C2-like domain of 5-LO and selected mutants show that this Ca²⁺-dependent domain selectively binds zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine, which is conferred by tryptophan residues (Trp¹³, Trp⁷⁵, and Trp¹⁰²) located in the putative Ca²⁺-binding loops. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the enhanced green fluorescence protein-tagged C2-like domain of 5-LO and mutants in living cells also show that the phosphatidylcholine selectivity of the C2-like domain accounts for the specific targeting of 5-LO to the nuclear envelope. Together, these results show that the C2-like domain of 5-LO is a genuine Ca²⁺-dependent membrane-targeting domain and that the subcellular localization of the domain is governed in large part by its membrane binding properties.