Isoform-specific 3′-untranslated sequences sort α-cardiac and β-cytoplasmic actin messenger RNAs to different cytoplasmic compartments

We demonstrate that in differentiating myoblasts, the mRNAs encoding two actin isoforms, β-cytoplasmic, and α-cardiac, can occupy different cytoplasmic compartments within the same cytoplasm. β-actin mRNA is localized to the leading lamellae and α-actin mRNA is associated with a perinuclear compartment. This was revealed by co-hybridizing, in situ, fluorochrome-conjugated oligonucleotide probes specific for each isoform. To address the mechanism of isoform-specific mRNA localization, molecular chimeras were constructed by insertion of actin sequences between the Lac Z coding region and SV-40 3′UTR in a reporter plasmid. These constructs were transiently expressed in a mixed culture of embryonic fibroblasts, myoblasts and myotubes. β-galactosidase activity within transfectants was revealed by a brief incubation with its substrate (X-gal). Since the blue-insoluble reaction product co-localized with the specific mRNAs expressed from each construct, it was used as a bioassay for mRNA localization. Transfectants were scored as either perinuclear, peripheral or nonlocalized with respect to the distribution of the blue product. The percentage of transfectants within those categories was quantitated as a function of the various constructs. This analysis revealed that for each actin mRNA its 3′UTR is necessary and sufficient to direct reporter transcripts to its appropriate compartment; β-actin peripheral and α-actin perinuclear. In contrast, sequences from the 5′UTR through the coding region of either actin gene did not localize the blue product. Therefore, 3′UTR sequences play a key role in modulating the distribution of actin mRNAs in muscle cells. We propose that the mechanism of mRNA localization facilitates actin isoform sorting in the cytoplasm.