Cloning, characterization, and expression of the gene for the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in Caenorhabditis elegans: Identification of highly conserved and unique isoforms generated by alternative splicing

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses substantial amounts of several forms (Mr values = 39,000-41,000) of the catalytic subunit (C) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Approximately 65% of the total cAMP-dependent phosphotransferase activity is recovered in particulate fractions of homogenates prepared from asynchronous populations of C. elegans. The C subunit is expressed at a low level in cytosolic and particulate compartments during embryogenesis. As the nematodes progress from late embryonic stages to the newly hatched, first larval (L1) stage, C subunit content increases 15-fold. High levels of C subunits are observed in several subsequent larval and adult stages of development. Since the relative abundance of C subunit mRNA changes little with development, it appears that control of C expression is exerted the translational and/or post-translational levels. cDNAs for two types of C have been cloned and sequenced. The derived amino acid sequence of a major isoform (CeCATα, 358 residues) is highly homologous (82% identical) with the murine Cα subunit. A second, novel C subunit (CeCATα′, 374 residues) has a unique 56-residue carboxyl-terminal region that is generated by the alternative splicing of the C pre-mRNA. The splicing process that yields CeCATα′ is unusual because it converts the central portion of an apparent 1 -kilobase (kb) intron to an exon. The alternative exon introduces the novel carboxyl terminus and a new translation stop signal, while simultaneously converting the coding sequence for 40 carboxyl-terminal residues in CeCATα into 3′-untranslated nucleotides. The 5′ end of the C. elegans C subunit mRNA is produced by the trans-splicing of the C gene transcript to a 22-base pair C. elegans leader sequence originally described by Krause, M., and Hirsh, D. ((1987) Cell 49, 753-761). The 20-kb C. elegans C gene is divided into seven exons by introns ranging in size from 54 to 8000 bp. The sizes of the C. elegans C subunit gene, cytoplasmic mRNA (2.5 kb), and subunit protein are similar to the sizes of the murine Ca gene, mRNA, and polypeptide. However, the nematode and murine C genes differ significantly in the organization of their introns and exons.