Approach to management of clinically localized prostate cancer in patients with human immunodeficiency virus

To evaluate the approach to management of localized prostate cancer (PCa) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. A retrospective analysis was performed on 10 HIV-positive patients who recently presented with elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and clinically localized PCa. At the diagnosis of PCa, the average patient was 54.0 years old, had been HIV positive for 8.75 years, had a CD4 count of 417, a prostate-specific antigen level of 9.2 ng/mL, and a Gleason score of 6. Eight of the patients had risk factors for PCa - either African-American descent (n = 6) or a positive family history (n = 2). The treatment was laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in 1, potency-preserving androgen deprivation in 1, cryosurgery in 1, brachytherapy in 2, observation in 2, and external beam radiotherapy in 3. Screening of all HIV-positive men should be initiated at age 40 if they have either a positive family history of prostate cancer or are of African-American descent. Asymptomatic HIV-positive patients should be offered all therapeutic PCa treatment options.