Vaccine development. On relating immunology to the Third World: Some studies on leprosy

Leprosy is of interest to immunologists because the varied clinical manifestations of the disease correlate closely with the immunological spectrum. Resistance to infection is dependent on appropriate cell-mediated immunity, but patients with the lepromatous form fail to respond to antigen of M. leprae. In vitro studies have revealed the existence of T-suppressor cells of the phenotype CD8⁺, CD3⁺, HLA-DR⁺, FcR⁺, 9.3^-, which are restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. Several new candidate vaccines against leprosy have been effective in breaking immunological unresponsiveness and engendering cell-mediated immunity in lepromatous leprosy patients, including the combination of BCG + killed M. leprae. Because BCG has unique adjuvant properties, we have begun to use molecular genetic approaches to develop BCG into a multivaccine vehicle capable of immunizing simultaneously against several pathogens. Both phage-based and plasmid-based strategies have been developed for introducing selectable markers into BCG for the first time.