TY - JOUR
T1 - Ureteral Stent Encrustation
T2 - Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Management and Current Technology
AU - Tomer, Nir
AU - Garden, Evan
AU - Small, Alexander
AU - Palese, Michael
PY - 2021/1/1
Y1 - 2021/1/1
N2 - PURPOSE: Encrustation is a common phenomenon that can occur following placement of a ureteral stent into the urinary tract, and it can lead to serious complications. The following review addresses the mechanism of encrustation, the management of these stents and the newest technology developed to mitigate this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search on stent encrustation including peer-reviewed publications, public product listings, and material on current and future stent technology. RESULTS: The mechanism of encrustation is complex and multifaceted, including dwell time, patient specific risk factors, conditioning film formation, biofilm formation and mineral deposition. Several technological developments in stent materials and coatings may have a role in reducing the risk of stent encrustation. It is important to identify the extent of stent encrustation and plan treatment strategies accordingly. We propose a novel treatment algorithm for the management encrusted ureteral stents. CONCLUSIONS: The ubiquity of ureteral stents in urology practice mandates updated knowledge about the prevention of stent encrustation, identification of high risk patients and preparedness for removal using multimodal techniques.
AB - PURPOSE: Encrustation is a common phenomenon that can occur following placement of a ureteral stent into the urinary tract, and it can lead to serious complications. The following review addresses the mechanism of encrustation, the management of these stents and the newest technology developed to mitigate this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search on stent encrustation including peer-reviewed publications, public product listings, and material on current and future stent technology. RESULTS: The mechanism of encrustation is complex and multifaceted, including dwell time, patient specific risk factors, conditioning film formation, biofilm formation and mineral deposition. Several technological developments in stent materials and coatings may have a role in reducing the risk of stent encrustation. It is important to identify the extent of stent encrustation and plan treatment strategies accordingly. We propose a novel treatment algorithm for the management encrusted ureteral stents. CONCLUSIONS: The ubiquity of ureteral stents in urology practice mandates updated knowledge about the prevention of stent encrustation, identification of high risk patients and preparedness for removal using multimodal techniques.
KW - risk factors
KW - stents
KW - ureter
KW - ureteral obstruction
KW - urine
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U2 - 10.1097/JU.0000000000001343
DO - 10.1097/JU.0000000000001343
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32856981
AN - SCOPUS:85097576136
VL - 205
SP - 68
EP - 77
JO - Investigative Urology
JF - Investigative Urology
SN - 0022-5347
IS - 1
ER -