TY - JOUR
T1 - The national MD-PhD program outcomes study
T2 - Outcomes variation by sex, race, and ethnicity
AU - Akabas, Myles H.
AU - Brass, Lawrence F.
N1 - Funding Information:
searchable with our list of over 10,000 program graduates. Instead, we relied on the survey, asking program graduates whether they were either currently or previously the principal investigator on a research grant. Potential funding sources included NIH-mentored career development awards (K grants), NIH research project grants (RPG; R, P, and U types), other federal agencies, private foundations, the pharmaceutical industry, other industry, and other funding sources.
Funding Information:
Figure 7. Principal investigator (PI) research grant support for alumni with a current position in academia full-time by sex. (A) Percentage of women and men with current PI grant support from any grant source. (B) Percentage of women and men with current PI NIH research project grant (RPG) support.
Funding Information:
6. [No authors listed]. Medical School M.D.-Ph.D. Applications and Matriculants by School, In-State Status, and Sex, 2018-2019. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/download/321544/data/factstableb8.pdf. Updated November 14, 2018. Accessed September 4, 2019. 7. [No authors listed]. Total MD-PhD Enrollment by U.S. Medical School and Sex, 2014-2015 through 2018-2019. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/download/321554/data/factstableb11-2.pdf. Updated November 19, 2018. Accessed September 4, 2019. 8. Brass LF, Akabas MH, Burnley LD, Engman DM, Wiley CA, Andersen OS. Are MD-PhD programs meeting their goals? An analysis of career choices made by graduates of 24 MD-PhD programs. Acad Med. 2010;85(4):692–701. 9. Paik JC, Howard G, Lorenz RG. Postgraduate choices of graduates from medical scientist training programs, 2004-2008. JAMA. 2009;302(12):1271–1273. 10. Conte ML, Omary MB. NIH Career Development Awards: conversion to research grants and regional distribution. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(12):5187–5190. 11. [No authors listed]. MD-PhD Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools by Race/Ethnicity and State of Legal Residence, 2018-2019. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/download/321546/data/factstableb9.pdf. Updated November 13, 2018. Accessed September 4, 2019. 12. Heggeness ML, Evans L, Pohlhaus JR, Mills SL. Measuring Diversity of the National Institutes of Health-Funded Workforce. Acad Med. 2016;91(8):1164–1172. 13. Andriole DA, Whelan AJ, Jeffe DB. Characteristics and career intentions of the emerging MD/PhD workforce. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1165–1173. 14. [No authors listed]. Medical School MD-PhD Applications and Matriculants by School, In-State Status, and Sex, 2018-2019. Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/download/321544/data/factstableb8.pdf. Updated November 14, 2018. Accessed September 4, 2019. 15. Bowen CJ, Kersbergen CJ, Tang O, Cox A, Beach MC. Medical school research ranking is associated with gender inequality in MSTP application rates. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):187. 16. Eliason JE, Gunter B, Roskovensky L. Diversity Resources and Data Snapshots May 2015 edition. American Association of Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/download/431540/data/may2015pp.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2019. 17. [No authors listed]. Table A-7.1. Applicants, first-time applicants, acceptees, and matriculants to U.S. medical schools by sex, 1999-2000 through 2008-2009. American Association of Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/applicantmatric-ulant/. Accessed September 4, 2019. 18. [No authors listed]. Table A-7.2. Applicants, first-time applicants, acceptees, and matriculants to U.S. medical schools by sex, 2009-2010 through 2018-2019. American Association of Medical Colleges.https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/applicantmatric-ulant/. Accessed September 4, 2019. 19. [No authors listed]. Table B-11.1. Total MD-PhD enrollment by U.S. Medical School and Sex, 2009-2010 through 2013-2014. Amer-ican Association of Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/enrollmentgraduate/. Accessed September 4, 2019. 20. [No authors listed]. Table B-11.2. Total MD-PhD Enrollment by U.S. Medical School and Sex, 2014-2015 through 2018-2019. American Association of Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/enrollmentgraduate/. Accessed September 4, 2019. 21. Lett LA, Orji WU, Sebro R. Declining racial and ethnic representation in clinical academic medicine: A longitudinal study of 16 US medical specialties. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207274. 22. Jeffe DB, Andriole DA. A national cohort study of MD-PhD graduates of medical schools with and without funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences’ Medical Scientist Training Program. Acad Med. 2011;86(8):953–961. 23. Andriole DA, Jeffe DB. The road to an academic medicine career: a national cohort study of male and female U.S. medical graduates. Acad Med. 2012;87(12):1722–1733. 24. Jagsi R, et al. Similarities and differences in the career trajectories of male and female career development award recipients. Acad Med. 2011;86(11):1415–1421. 25. Jagsi R, Motomura AR, Griffith KA, Rangarajan S, Ubel PA. Sex differences in attainment of independent funding by career development awardees. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(11):804–811. 26. Hechtman LA, et al. NIH funding longevity by gender. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(31):7943–7948.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - In 2015, a nation-wide effort was launched to track the careers of over 10,000 MD-PhD program graduates. Data were obtained by surveys sent to alumni, inquiries sent to program directors, and searches in American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) databases. Here, we present an analysis of the data, focusing on the impact of sex, race, and ethnicity on career outcomes. The results show that diversity among trainees has increased since the earliest MD-PhD programs, although it still lags considerably behind the US population. Training duration, which includes time to graduation as well as time to first independent position, was similar for men and women and for minority and nonminority alumni, as were most choices of medical specialties. Regardless of minority status and sex, most survey responders reported that they are working in academia, research institutes, federal agencies, or industry. These similarities were, however, accompanied by several noteworthy differences: (a) Based on AAMC Faculty Roster data rather than survey responses, women were less likely than men to have had a full-time faculty appointment, (b) minorities who graduated after 1985 had a longer average time to degree than nonminorities, (c) fewer women and minorities have NIH grants, (d) fewer women reported success in moving from a mentored to an independent NIH award, and (e) women in the most recent graduation cohort reported spending less time on research than men. Collectively, these results suggest that additional efforts need to be made to recruit women and minorities into MD-PhD programs and, once recruited, to understand the drivers behind the differences that have emerged in their career paths.
AB - In 2015, a nation-wide effort was launched to track the careers of over 10,000 MD-PhD program graduates. Data were obtained by surveys sent to alumni, inquiries sent to program directors, and searches in American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) databases. Here, we present an analysis of the data, focusing on the impact of sex, race, and ethnicity on career outcomes. The results show that diversity among trainees has increased since the earliest MD-PhD programs, although it still lags considerably behind the US population. Training duration, which includes time to graduation as well as time to first independent position, was similar for men and women and for minority and nonminority alumni, as were most choices of medical specialties. Regardless of minority status and sex, most survey responders reported that they are working in academia, research institutes, federal agencies, or industry. These similarities were, however, accompanied by several noteworthy differences: (a) Based on AAMC Faculty Roster data rather than survey responses, women were less likely than men to have had a full-time faculty appointment, (b) minorities who graduated after 1985 had a longer average time to degree than nonminorities, (c) fewer women and minorities have NIH grants, (d) fewer women reported success in moving from a mentored to an independent NIH award, and (e) women in the most recent graduation cohort reported spending less time on research than men. Collectively, these results suggest that additional efforts need to be made to recruit women and minorities into MD-PhD programs and, once recruited, to understand the drivers behind the differences that have emerged in their career paths.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85073062754&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85073062754&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1172/jci.insight.133010
DO - 10.1172/jci.insight.133010
M3 - Review article
C2 - 31578303
AN - SCOPUS:85073062754
VL - 4
JO - JCI insight
JF - JCI insight
SN - 2379-3708
IS - 19
M1 - e133010
ER -