TY - JOUR
T1 - The lung microenvironment
T2 - an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis
AU - Altorki, Nasser K.
AU - Markowitz, Geoffrey J.
AU - Gao, Dingcheng
AU - Port, Jeffrey L.
AU - Saxena, Ashish
AU - Stiles, Brendon
AU - McGraw, Timothy
AU - Mittal, Vivek
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank B. Sleckman, G. Koretzky and J. Cubillos-Ruiz for reading the manuscript and providing insights. They also thank S. Lee for editing this manuscript and Y. Ban and R. Shaykhiev for help with figures. The authors acknowledge funding support from US National Institutes of Health (U01 CA188388), US Department of Defense and Meyer Cancer Center Pilot grants. The authors apologize for being unable to include several excellent studies owing to space limitations.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018, Springer Nature Limited.
PY - 2019/1/1
Y1 - 2019/1/1
N2 - Lung cancer is a major global health problem, as it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Major advances in the identification of key mutational alterations have led to the development of molecularly targeted therapies, whose efficacy has been limited by emergence of resistance mechanisms. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies targeting angiogenesis and more recently immune checkpoints have reinvigorated enthusiasm in elucidating the prognostic and pathophysiological roles of the tumour microenvironment in lung cancer. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and emerging concepts for how the tumour-reprogrammed lung microenvironment promotes both primary lung tumours and lung metastasis from extrapulmonary neoplasms by contributing to inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and response to therapies. We also discuss the potential of understanding tumour microenvironmental processes to identify biomarkers of clinical utility and to develop novel targeted therapies against lung cancer.
AB - Lung cancer is a major global health problem, as it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Major advances in the identification of key mutational alterations have led to the development of molecularly targeted therapies, whose efficacy has been limited by emergence of resistance mechanisms. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies targeting angiogenesis and more recently immune checkpoints have reinvigorated enthusiasm in elucidating the prognostic and pathophysiological roles of the tumour microenvironment in lung cancer. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and emerging concepts for how the tumour-reprogrammed lung microenvironment promotes both primary lung tumours and lung metastasis from extrapulmonary neoplasms by contributing to inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and response to therapies. We also discuss the potential of understanding tumour microenvironmental processes to identify biomarkers of clinical utility and to develop novel targeted therapies against lung cancer.
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U2 - 10.1038/s41568-018-0081-9
DO - 10.1038/s41568-018-0081-9
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30532012
AN - SCOPUS:85058176429
SN - 1474-175X
VL - 19
SP - 9
EP - 31
JO - Nature Reviews Cancer
JF - Nature Reviews Cancer
IS - 1
ER -