TY - JOUR
T1 - The intergenerational transmission of smoking in adulthood
T2 - A 25-year study of maternal and offspring maladaptive attributes
AU - Brook, Judith S.
AU - Rubenstone, Elizabeth
AU - Zhang, Chenshu
AU - Finch, Stephen J.
AU - Brook, David W.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by grants DA 003188 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, CA 122128 from the National Cancer Institute, and Research Scientist Award DA 00244 from the National Institutes of Health, to Dr. Judith S. Brook. The sponsors had no role in the study design, the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
PY - 2013/7
Y1 - 2013/7
N2 - While smoking is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and maternal smoking is a risk factor for smoking among their offspring, the mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of smoking are not well understood. This study examines the pathways from maternal and adolescent child factors, and the parent-child relationship, to smoking among the adult offspring, approximately 25. years later. Data for the present analysis were based on time waves 2 (T2; 1983) and 7 (T7; 2007-2009) of an on-going study of a community sample of mothers and their children. Offspring and mother X ages were 14.1 and 40.0. years, respectively, at T2, and 36.6 and 65.0. years, respectively, at T7. At T2, trained interviewers administered individual structured interviews. Psychosocial questionnaires were self-administered at T7. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the interrelationships among maternal and offspring attributes (T2 and T7). SEM results indicated a satisfactory model fit (RMSEA. = 0.052; CFI. = 0.91; SRMR. = 0.057), and confirmed hypothesized pathways. One pathway linked maternal maladaptive attributes (T2) to the mother-adolescent child attachment relationship (T2), which was associated with the offspring's maladaptive attributes over time (T2 to T7), which then predicted the adult offspring's smoking (T7). Other pathways highlighted the stability of maternal smoking, the continuity of maladaptive attributes, and less offspring educational attainment as predictors of offspring smoking at T7. Findings suggest the importance of early interventions to treat maternal smoking, maternal and offspring maladaptive attributes, and the mother-child relationship in order to reduce risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of smoking behavior. Interventions which enhance educational success should also prove effective in reducing smoking.
AB - While smoking is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and maternal smoking is a risk factor for smoking among their offspring, the mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of smoking are not well understood. This study examines the pathways from maternal and adolescent child factors, and the parent-child relationship, to smoking among the adult offspring, approximately 25. years later. Data for the present analysis were based on time waves 2 (T2; 1983) and 7 (T7; 2007-2009) of an on-going study of a community sample of mothers and their children. Offspring and mother X ages were 14.1 and 40.0. years, respectively, at T2, and 36.6 and 65.0. years, respectively, at T7. At T2, trained interviewers administered individual structured interviews. Psychosocial questionnaires were self-administered at T7. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the interrelationships among maternal and offspring attributes (T2 and T7). SEM results indicated a satisfactory model fit (RMSEA. = 0.052; CFI. = 0.91; SRMR. = 0.057), and confirmed hypothesized pathways. One pathway linked maternal maladaptive attributes (T2) to the mother-adolescent child attachment relationship (T2), which was associated with the offspring's maladaptive attributes over time (T2 to T7), which then predicted the adult offspring's smoking (T7). Other pathways highlighted the stability of maternal smoking, the continuity of maladaptive attributes, and less offspring educational attainment as predictors of offspring smoking at T7. Findings suggest the importance of early interventions to treat maternal smoking, maternal and offspring maladaptive attributes, and the mother-child relationship in order to reduce risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of smoking behavior. Interventions which enhance educational success should also prove effective in reducing smoking.
KW - Adult smoking
KW - Educational attainment and smoking
KW - Intergenerational smoking
KW - Maladaptive attributes
KW - Midlife women
KW - Mother-child relationship
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U2 - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.008
DO - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 23602938
AN - SCOPUS:84876467340
SN - 0306-4603
VL - 38
SP - 2361
EP - 2368
JO - Addictive Behaviors
JF - Addictive Behaviors
IS - 7
ER -