The effect of thalidomide on the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and M. tuberculosis infection

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a cytokine produced during the host defense against infection, is associated with fevers, weakness, and progressive weight loss. Thalidomide inhibits the synthesis of TNF-α both in vitro and in vivo and may have clinical usefulness. We therefore initiated a pilot study of thalidomide treatment in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated wasting with or without concomitant infection with tuberculosis. Thirty-nine patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either thalidomide or placebo in a double-blind manner for 21 days. Thirty-two patients completed the study. In patients with concomitant HIV-1 and tuberculosis infections, thalidomide therapy was associated with a reduction in both plasma TNF-α levels and HIV-1 levels. No significant reduction in either TNF-α or HIV-1 levels was observed in patients with HIV- 1 infection only. During the study period, patients receiving thalidomide treatment (n = 16) showed a significant weight gain (mean ± SEM: 6.5 ± 1.2%; p < 0.02) relative to placebo-treated patients (n = 16). Patients with simultaneous HIV-1 and tuberculosis infections experienced a higher mean weight gain during thalidomide treatment than the group of patients with HIV- 1 infection only. The results of this pilot study suggest that thalidomide may have a clinical role in enhancing weight gain and possibly reducing TNF- α and HIV-1 levels in patients with HIV-1 and concomitant mycobacterial infections.