Pediatric musculoskeletal infections, inflammatory disorders, and nonaccidental fractures

Musculoskeletal infections, inflammatory conditions, and fractures caused by abuse are common in children. Unlike in adults, bone and joint infections often occur in otherwise healthy children. The treatment is evolving as more virulent strains of bacteria emerge. Certain inflammatory conditions such as chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and pauciarticular juvenile arthritis are diseases specific to the growing musculoskeletal system, and the treatments are specific to these pediatric presentations. Physical abuse in children often manifests as fractures in infants and very young children, and orthopaedic surgeons need to be educated about nonaccidental fractures to recognize them and ensure that these children are managed appropriately by a multidisciplinary team experienced in child abuse.