Nocturnal hypertension associated with stroke and silent cerebral infarcts in children with sickle cell disease

Background: Strokes and silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs) lead to significant morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Higher systolic blood pressures increase risk for stroke and SCIs; however, patients with SCD often have lower clinic blood pressures than the general population. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) allows for more robust examination of blood pressures. This study evaluated associations between abnormal ABPM measurements with stroke and SCIs. Procedure: A cross-sectional study was performed. Children with SCD completed 24-hour ABPMs. Children with a documented magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain within a year of the ABPM were included in the analysis. Bivariate analyses were performed to identify associations between ABPM parameters with cerebrovascular outcomes. Results: Forty-two children with a median age of 13 years (10, 17) were included in the analysis. Seven (17%) had history of stroke and seven (17%) had SCIs. Nocturnal hypertension, elucidated via 24-hour ABPM, was noted in 25% of subjects. The presence of nocturnal hypertension was significantly higher in the SCI/stroke group (55% vs 12%, P =.01). Sensitivity analyses were performed during which stroke patients were removed from analysis. Nocturnal hypertension remained significantly associated with the presence of SCIs (P =.006). Conclusions: This study reveals an association between nocturnal hypertension and a higher prevalence of SCI and stroke in children with SCD. Larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the contributory nature of blood pressure abnormalities to cerebrovascular events in children with SCD.