HIV-associated lymphoma: The evidence for treating aggressively but with caution

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review key reports regarding the biology and management of HIV-associated lymphoma during the past year. RECENT FINDINGS: The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been associated with a reduced risk of primary cerebral and systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a stable or slightly increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma, and improved prognosis for those who develop HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's lymphoma. Emerging evidence suggests that patients with HIV-associated lymphoma should be treated in a similar manner as immunocompetent patients with the same disease, especially if the CD4 count is 50-100 cells/μl or higher. Use of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in combination with chemotherapy appears to result in improved control of B-cell lymphoma, but may come at the expense of an increased risk of bacterial and viral infections. SUMMARY: Although the evidence currently supports an aggressive and curative approach for the management of HIV-associated lymphoma, clinicians must be vigilant about implementing infection prophylaxis and promptly recognizing, diagnosing, and treating bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral infections that may occur as a consequence of therapy.