Guideline adherence and reasons for recommending dose reduction in a primary care-based opioid management clinic

BACKGROUND: To provide Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline-recommended practices for patients on long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) including individualized decisions about opioid dose reduction, we developed the Power Over Pain (POP) Clinic. OBJECTIVE: To describe frequency and reasons for opioid dose reduction and pre-post adherence to CDC guideline-recommended practices. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review with qualitative and pre-post analysis. PATIENTS AND SETTING: Patients at an urban internal medicine teaching practice-prescribed LTOT were seen at POP Clinic at least once. METHODS: Opioid dose reduction was defined by reduction in morphine-equivalent daily dose (MEDD) at 6 and 12 months after the first POP Clinic visit compared to baseline using paired t-tests. Among patients with a dose reduction, reasons documented in POP Clinic notes were qualitatively examined. Dichotomous measures of receiving four CDC guideline-recommended practices (controlled substance agreement [CSA], urine drug testing [UDT], prescription monitoring program review, and naloxone dispensing) at baseline versus 6 and 12 months were compared using McNemar's tests. RESULTS: Of the 70 patients, most were female (66 percent) and Hispanic (54 percent). Forty-three patients (61 percent) had an opioid dose reduction in 12 months after the first POP Clinic visit. The most frequent reason was low or unclear benefit of continuing the current dose (49 percent). Mean MEDD was reduced from 69 mg to 57 mg at 6 months (p < 0.01) and to 56 mg at 12 months (p < 0.01). Completing a CSA, UDT, and naloxone distribution increased at 6 and 12 months (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Individualized risk assessment in a primary care-based opioid management clinic is feasible and can result in opioid dose reduction and guideline adherence.