Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M. Abbas, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Mohammad Abdollahi, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abolhassani, Victor Aboyans, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Abdelrahman I. Abushouk, Maryam Adabi, Victor Adekanmbi, Abiodun Moshood Adeoye, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Davoud AdhamShailesh M. Advani, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Anurag Agrawal, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Blessing Akombi, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Samiah Alam, Tahiya Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Khalid F. Alhabib, Muhammad Ali, Saqib Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Cyrus Alinia, Vahid Alipour, Hesam Alizade, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Jordi Alonso, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A. Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Jason A. Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Colin Angus, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Catherine M. Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Razique Anwer, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Filippo Ariani, Bahram Armoon, Johan Ärnlöv, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Charlie Ashbaugh, Michael Assmus, Zahra Atafar, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Maha Moh d.Wahbi Atout, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Ghasem Azarian, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Alaa Badawi, Ashish D. Badiye, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Alberto Baldasseroni, Kylie Ball, Shoshana H. Ballew, Daniela Balzi, Maciej Banach, Srikanta K. Banerjee, Agegnehu Bante Bante, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H. Barrero, Celine M. Barthelemy, Lingkan Barua, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T. Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Jacob S. Becker, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Yannick Béjot, Michelle L. Bell, Fiona B. Bennitt, Isabela M. Bensenor, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Adam E. Berman, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Neeraj Bhala, Dinesh Bhandari, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Antonio Biondi, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Catherine Bisignano, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Helen Bitew, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mehdi Bohluli, Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley, Guilherme Borges, Antonio Maria Borzì, Shiva Borzouei, Cristina Bosetti, Soufiane Boufous, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Nicholas J.K. Breitborde, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Paul Svitil Briant, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle B. Britton, Dana Bryazka, Blair R. Bumgarner, Katrin Burkart, Richard Thomas Burnett, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A. Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano Dos Santos, Leah E. Cahill, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan J. Carrero, Felix Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Giulio Castelpietra, Franz Castro, Kate Causey, Christopher R. Cederroth, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Joht Singh Chandan, Kai Lan Chang, Fiona J. Charlson, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Sarika Chaturvedi, Nicolas Cherbuin, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Jee Young Jasmine Choi, Hanne Christensen, Dinh Toi Chu, Michael T. Chung, Sheng Chia Chung, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen, Aaron J. Cohen, Kelly Compton, Owen R. Cooper, Vera Marisa Costa, Ewerton Cousin, Richard G. Cowden, Di H. Cross, Jessica A. Cruz, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, William James Dangel, Anna Karin Danielsson, Paul I. Dargan, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K. Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José das Neves, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Diego De Leo, Louisa Degenhardt, Marissa DeLang, Robert Paul Dellavalle, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Nikolaos Dervenis, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Shirin Djalalinia, Hoa Thi Do, Klara Dokova, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Tim Robert Driscoll, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Arielle Wilder Eagan, David Edvardsson, Nevine El Nahas, Iman El Sayed, Maha El Tantawi, Iffat Elbarazi, Islam Y. Elgendy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Iqbal R.F. Elyazar, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Holly E. Erskine, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Alireza Esteghamati, Kara Estep, Arash Etemadi, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Jessica Fanzo, Mohammad Farahmand, Mohammad Fareed, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Mithila Faruque, Farshad Farzadfar, Nazir Fattahi, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L. Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Seyed Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Giannina Ferrara, Alize J. Ferrari, Manuela L. Ferreira, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, James L. Fisher, Luisa Sorio Flor, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Lisa M. Force, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Marisa Freitas, Weijia Fu, Takeshi Fukumoto, João M. Furtado, Mohamed M. Gad, Emmanuela Gakidou, Silvano Gallus, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, William M. Gardner, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Abraham Geremew, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Peter W. Gething, Maryam Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Mansour Ghafourifard, Farhad Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Hesam Ghiasvand, Nermin Ghith, Asadollah Gholamian, Rakesh Ghosh, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G. Ginindza, Giorgia Giussani, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Salime Goharinezhad, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Harish Chander Gugnani, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Rashid Abdi Guled, Gaorui Guo, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Tarun Gupta, Beatrix Haddock, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Abdul Hafiz, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J. Hall, Iman Halvaei, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Melanie S. Hammer, Graeme J. Hankey, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Edris Hasanpoor, Abdiwahab Hashi, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Hannah J. Henrikson, Molly E. Herbert, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Thomas R. Hird, Hans W. Hoek, Ramesh Holla, Praveen Hoogar, H. Dean Hosgood, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Vivian Chia Rong Hsieh, Guoqing Hu, Kejia Hu, Tanvir M. Huda, Ayesha Humayun, Chantal K. Huynh, Bing Fang Hwang, Vincent C. Iannucci, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Nayu Ikeda, Kevin S. Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Helen Ippolito, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, M. Mofizul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Rebecca Q. Ivers, Chidozie C.D. Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Jalil Jaafari, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Hussain Jafari, Morteza Jafarinia, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Farzad Jalilian, Spencer L. James, Hosna Janjani, Tahereh Javaheri, Javad Javidnia, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Lars Johansson, Oommen John, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Catherine Owens Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Hamed Kalani, Rizwan Kalani, Leila R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Tanuj Kanchan, Neeti Kapoor, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Mohd Anisul Karim, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Cathleen Keller, Laura Kemmer, Parkes J. Kendrick, Nauman Khalid, Mohammad Khammarnia, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M. Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Salman Khazaei, Christian Kieling, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Luke D. Knibbs, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Jacek A. Kopec, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U.G. Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Kris J. Krohn, Hans Kromhout, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G. Anil Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Hasan Lami, Iván Landires, Justin J. Lang, Sinéad M. Langan, Anders O. Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Paul H. Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Kate E. Legrand, James Leigh, Matilde Leonardi, Haley Lescinsky, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Shanshan Li, Lee Ling Lim, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Simin Liu, Yang Liu, Justin Lo, Alan D. Lopez, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Platon D. Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Alton Lu, Alessandra Lugo, Emilie R. Maddison, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mokhtar Mahdavi Mahdavi, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Shokofeh Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Ana Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Ana M. Mantilla Herrera, Joemer C. Maravilla, Ashley Marks, Randall V. Martin, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Manu Raj Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Pallab K. Maulik, Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Fereshteh Mehri, Kala M. Mehta, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Alibek Mereke, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R. Miller, Edward J. Mills, G. K. Mini, Mohammad Miri, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Hamed Mirzaei, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Prasanna Mithra, Babak Moazen, Dara K. Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Noushin Mohammadifard, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Meghan D. Mooney, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Joana Morgado-Da-Costa, Shane Douglas Morrison, Abbas Mosapour, Jonathan F. Mosser, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Erin C. Mullany, Kamarul Imran Musa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ashraf F. Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Behshad Naghshtabrizi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Morteza Naserbakht, Vinod C. Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Ming Nguyen, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Molly R. Nixon, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Shuhei Nomura, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Christoph Nowak, Virginia Nunez-Samudio, Bogdan Oancea, Christopher M. Odell, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In Hwan Oh, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga, Morteza Oladnabi, Andrew T. Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Muktar Omer Omer, Kanyin L. Ong, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Heather M. Orpana, Alberto Ortiz, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B. Osei, Samuel M. Ostroff, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Simon Øverland, Mayowa O. Owolabi, P. A. Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raffaele Palladino, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Charles D.H. Parry, Maja Pasovic, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Sangram Kishor Patel, Mona Pathak, Scott B. Patten, George C. Patton, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Amy E. Peden, Alyssa Pennini, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Emmanuel K. Peprah, David M. Pereira, Konrad Pesudovs, Hai Quang Pham, Michael R. Phillips, Cristiano Piccinelli, Tessa M. Pilz, Michael A. Piradov, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Dietrich Plass, Suzanne Polinder, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Constance Dimity Pond, Maarten J. Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Anna Poznañska, Sergio I. Prada, V. Prakash, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Elisabetta Pupillo, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Ata Rafiee, Alberto Raggi, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Fatemeh Rajati, Ivo Rakovac, Pradhum Ram, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Puja C. Rao, Sowmya J. Rao, Vahid Rashedi, Priya Rathi, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Ramu Rawat, Christian Razo, Sofia Boston Redford, Robert C. Reiner, Marissa Bettay Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Phoebe Anne Rhinehart, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Daniela Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Juan A. Rivera, Nicholas L.S. 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