TY - JOUR
T1 - Galectin-3, a biomarker linking oxidative stress and inflammation with the clinical outcomes of patients with atherothrombosis
AU - Madrigal-Matute, Julio
AU - Lindholt, Jes Sandal
AU - Fernandez-Garcia, Carlos Ernesto
AU - Benito-Martin, Alberto
AU - Burillo, Elena
AU - Zalba, Guillermo
AU - Beloqui, Oscar
AU - Llamas-Granda, Patricia
AU - Ortiz, Alberto
AU - Egido, Jesus
AU - Blanco-Colio, Luis Miguel
AU - Martin-Ventura, Jose Luis
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 The Authors.
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - Background-Galectin-3 (Gal-3) participates in different mechanisms involved in atherothrombosis, such as inflammation, proliferation, or macrophage chemotaxis. Thus, there have been committed intensive efforts to elucidate the function of Gal-3 in cardiovascular (CV) diseases. The role of Gal-3 as a circulating biomarker has been demonstrated in patients with heart failure, but its importance as a biomarker in atherothrombosis is still unknown. Methods and Results-Because Gal-3 is involved in monocyte-to-macrophage transition, we used fresh isolated monocytes and the in vitro model of macrophage differentiation of THP-1 cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Gal-3 release is increased by PMA in human monocytes and macrophages, a process involving exosomes and regulated by reactive oxygen species/NADPH oxidase activity. In asymptomatic subjects (n=199), Gal-3 plasma levels are correlated with NADPH oxidase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (r=0.476; P<0.001) and carotid intima-media thickness (r=0.438; P<0.001), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, Gal-3 plasma concentrations are increased in patients with carotid atherosclerosis (n=158), compared to control subjects (n=115; 14.3 [10.7 to 16.9] vs. 10.4 [8.6 to 12.5] ng/mL; P<0.001). Finally, on a 5-year follow-up study in patients with peripheral artery disease, Gal-3 concentrations are significantly and independently associated with an increased risk for CV mortality (hazard ratio=2.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 4.73, P<0.05). Conclusions-Gal-3 extracellular levels could reflect key underlying mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis etiology, development, and plaque rupture, such as inflammation, infiltration of circulating cells and oxidative stress. Moreover, circulating Gal-3 concentrations are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with atherothrombosis.
AB - Background-Galectin-3 (Gal-3) participates in different mechanisms involved in atherothrombosis, such as inflammation, proliferation, or macrophage chemotaxis. Thus, there have been committed intensive efforts to elucidate the function of Gal-3 in cardiovascular (CV) diseases. The role of Gal-3 as a circulating biomarker has been demonstrated in patients with heart failure, but its importance as a biomarker in atherothrombosis is still unknown. Methods and Results-Because Gal-3 is involved in monocyte-to-macrophage transition, we used fresh isolated monocytes and the in vitro model of macrophage differentiation of THP-1 cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Gal-3 release is increased by PMA in human monocytes and macrophages, a process involving exosomes and regulated by reactive oxygen species/NADPH oxidase activity. In asymptomatic subjects (n=199), Gal-3 plasma levels are correlated with NADPH oxidase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (r=0.476; P<0.001) and carotid intima-media thickness (r=0.438; P<0.001), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, Gal-3 plasma concentrations are increased in patients with carotid atherosclerosis (n=158), compared to control subjects (n=115; 14.3 [10.7 to 16.9] vs. 10.4 [8.6 to 12.5] ng/mL; P<0.001). Finally, on a 5-year follow-up study in patients with peripheral artery disease, Gal-3 concentrations are significantly and independently associated with an increased risk for CV mortality (hazard ratio=2.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 4.73, P<0.05). Conclusions-Gal-3 extracellular levels could reflect key underlying mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis etiology, development, and plaque rupture, such as inflammation, infiltration of circulating cells and oxidative stress. Moreover, circulating Gal-3 concentrations are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with atherothrombosis.
KW - Atherothrombosis
KW - Biomarkers
KW - Inflammation
KW - Mortality
KW - Oxidative stress
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84926650216&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84926650216&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1161/JAHA.114.000785
DO - 10.1161/JAHA.114.000785
M3 - Article
C2 - 25095870
AN - SCOPUS:84926650216
SN - 2047-9980
VL - 3
JO - Journal of the American Heart Association
JF - Journal of the American Heart Association
IS - 4
M1 - e000785
ER -