@article{cfec54391a83411cb1027d805c089464,
title = "Food Insecurity Is Associated With Inflammation Among Women Living With HIV",
abstract = "Background. Chronic inflammation is associated with AIDS-defining and non-AIDS.defining conditions. Limited research has considered how food insecurity influences chronic inflammation among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We examined whether food insecurity was associated with higher levels of inflammation among women living with HIV (WWH) in the United States. Methods. We analyzed cross-sectional data collected in 2015 from 421 participants on antiretroviral therapy from the Women's Interagency HIV Study. The exposure was any food insecurity. The outcome was inflammation, measured by proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necroses factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) levels. We conducted multivariable linear regressions, adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical, and nutritional factors. Results. Nearly one-third of participants (31%) were food insecure and 79% were virally suppressed (<20 copies/mL). In adjusted analyses, food insecurity was associated with 1.23 times the level of IL-6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06.1.44) and 1.13 times the level of TNFR1 (95% CI, 1.05.1.21). Findings did not differ by HIV control (virally suppressed with CD4 counts .500 cells/mm3 or not) in adjusted stratified analyses. Conclusion. Food insecurity was associated with elevated inflammation among WWH regardless of HIV control. Findings support the need for programs that address food insecurity among WWH.",
keywords = "HIV, chronic inflammation, food insecurity, inflammatory cytokines, women living with HIV",
author = "Leddy, {Anna M.} and Annelys Roque and Sheira, {Lila A.} and Frongillo, {Edward A.} and Landay, {Alan L.} and Adedimeji, {Adebola A.} and Wilson, {Tracey E.} and Daniel Merenstein and Eryka Wentz and Adimora, {Adaora A.} and Igho Ofotokun and Metsch, {Lisa R.} and Cohen, {Mardge H.} and Tien, {Phyllis C.} and Turan, {Janet M.} and Bulent Turan and Weiser, {Sheri D.}",
note = "Funding Information: Financial support. This work was supported by a Women{\textquoteright}s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) substudy grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (grant numbers R01MH095683 PI: Sheri Weiser and 5U01AI103401), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grant number K24AI134326 PI: Sheri Weiser). Data in this manuscript were collected by the WIHS. WIHS sites (Principle Investigator) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant numbers were: UAB-MS WIHS (Mirjam-Colette Kempf and Deborah Konkle-Parker), U01-AI-103401; Atlanta WIHS (Ighovwerha Ofotokun and Gina Wingood), U01-AI-103408; Bronx WIHS (Kathryn Anastos and Anjali Sharma), U01-AI-035004; Brooklyn WIHS (Howard Minkoff and Deborah Gustafson), U01-AI-031834; Chicago WIHS (Mardge Cohen and Audrey French), U01-AI-034993; Metropolitan Washington WIHS (Seble Kassaye), U01-AI-034994; Miami WIHS (Margaret Fischl and Lisa Metsch), U01-AI-103397; UNC WIHS (Adaora Adimora), U01-AI-103390; Connie Wofsy Women{\textquoteright}s HIV Study, Northern California (Ruth Greenblatt, Bradley Aouizerat, and Phyllis Tien), U01-AI-034989; WIHS Data Management and Analysis Center (Stephen Gange and Elizabeth Golub), U01-AI-042590; Southern California WIHS (Joel Milam), U01-HD-032632 (WIHS I–WIHS IV). Additional support was from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Cancer Institute, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, and NIH Office of Research on Women{\textquoteright}s Health. WIHS data collection is also supported by University of California San Francisco Clinical and Translational Science Award (grant number UL1-TR000004), Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Award (grant number UL1-TR000454), and University of North Carolina Centre for AIDS Research (grant number P30-AI-050410). Additional investigator support was provided by NIMH grant number R01MH104114. Funding Information: Potential conflicts of interest. A. A. A. reports grants from Gilead and personal fees from Merck outside the submitted work. P. C. T. reports grants from Merck and Theratechnologies outside the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.",
year = "2019",
month = jan,
day = "9",
doi = "10.1093/infdis/jiy511",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "219",
pages = "429--436",
journal = "Journal of Infectious Diseases",
issn = "0022-1899",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "3",
}