TY - JOUR
T1 - Ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk factor burden among middle-aged women
T2 - Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)
AU - Matthews, Karen A.
AU - Sowers, Mary Fran
AU - Derby, Carol A.
AU - Stein, Evan
AU - Miracle-McMahill, Heidi
AU - Crawford, Sybil L.
AU - Pasternak, Richard C.
N1 - Funding Information:
The Study of Women's Health across the Nation was funded by the National Institute on Aging (U01 AG12531, AG12505, AG12554, A12539, AG12535, AG12546, AG12495, and AG12553), the National Institute of Nursing Research (U01 NR04061), and the Office of Research on Women's Health of the National Institutes of Health, with supplemental funding from National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, the National Center on Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the Office of AIDS Research.
PY - 2005/6
Y1 - 2005/6
N2 - Background: We evaluated ethnic differences in the 10-year risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death derived from Framingham risk equation and in a composite measure of emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors in women and whether statistical adjustments for educational attainment, geographic location, and lifestyle attenuated the magnitude of the ethnic differences in risk. Methods: Two thousand eight hundred thirty-four premenopausal women free of stroke, heart disease, or diabetes and aged of 42 to 52 years (1400 whites, 729 African American, 226 Hispanic, 231 Chinese, and 248 Japanese) had measurements of blood pressure, lipids and lipoproteins, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, factor VII, plasminogen activator inhibitor, tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Framingham risk score and number of risk factors in the top quartile of the distribution of risk factors not included in the Framingham score (called composite burden) were calculated. Results: The unadjusted mean values for the two summary scores were higher among African Americans and Hispanics than other groups. Statistical adjustments for education and geographical site accounted for a majority of the ethnic differences, with an additional small effect of lifestyle for the composite burden score. Largest ethnic differences were apparent for waist circumference, lipoprotein(a), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and untreated blood pressure. Conclusions: A substantial part of the risk associated with ethnicity can be attributed to socioeconomic status and geographical location. As the ethnic composition of the United States population becomes more diverse, it is important to appreciate the cardiovascular disease risk factor burden present in some minority groups.
AB - Background: We evaluated ethnic differences in the 10-year risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death derived from Framingham risk equation and in a composite measure of emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors in women and whether statistical adjustments for educational attainment, geographic location, and lifestyle attenuated the magnitude of the ethnic differences in risk. Methods: Two thousand eight hundred thirty-four premenopausal women free of stroke, heart disease, or diabetes and aged of 42 to 52 years (1400 whites, 729 African American, 226 Hispanic, 231 Chinese, and 248 Japanese) had measurements of blood pressure, lipids and lipoproteins, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, factor VII, plasminogen activator inhibitor, tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Framingham risk score and number of risk factors in the top quartile of the distribution of risk factors not included in the Framingham score (called composite burden) were calculated. Results: The unadjusted mean values for the two summary scores were higher among African Americans and Hispanics than other groups. Statistical adjustments for education and geographical site accounted for a majority of the ethnic differences, with an additional small effect of lifestyle for the composite burden score. Largest ethnic differences were apparent for waist circumference, lipoprotein(a), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and untreated blood pressure. Conclusions: A substantial part of the risk associated with ethnicity can be attributed to socioeconomic status and geographical location. As the ethnic composition of the United States population becomes more diverse, it is important to appreciate the cardiovascular disease risk factor burden present in some minority groups.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=20544463468&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=20544463468&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.027
DO - 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.027
M3 - Article
C2 - 15976790
AN - SCOPUS:20544463468
SN - 0002-8703
VL - 149
SP - 1066
EP - 1073
JO - American heart journal
JF - American heart journal
IS - 6
ER -