@article{8f4dde4f47cd4720a11a44dc9cfc3028,
title = "End-stage renal disease among HIV-infected adults in North America",
abstract = "Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, particularly those of black race, are at high-risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but contributing factors are evolving. We hypothesized that improvements in HIV treatment have led to declines in risk of ESRD, particularly among HIV-infected blacks. Methods. Using data from the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration for Research and Design from January 2000 to December 2009, we validated 286 incident ESRD cases using abstracted medical evidence of dialysis (lasting >6 months) or renal transplant. A total of 38 354 HIV-infected adults aged 18-80 years contributed 159 825 person-years (PYs). Age- and sex-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated by race. Poisson regression was used to identify predictors of ESRD. Results. HIV-infected ESRD cases were more likely to be of black race, have diabetes mellitus or hypertension, inject drugs, and/or have a prior AIDS-defining illness. The overall SIR was 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8- 3.6) but was significantly higher among black patients (4.5 [95% CI, 3.9-5.2]). ESRD incidence declined from 532 to 303 per 100 000 PYs and 138 to 34 per 100 000 PYs over the time period for blacks and nonblacks, respectively, coincident with notable increases in both the prevalence of viral suppression and the prevalence of ESRD risk factors including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Conclusions. The risk of ESRD remains high among HIV-infected individuals in care but is declining with improvements in virologic suppression. HIV-infected black persons continue to comprise the majority of cases, as a result of higher viral loads, comorbidities, and genetic susceptibility.",
keywords = "Chronic kidney disease (CKD), End-stage renal disease (ESRD), Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), HIV infection/AIDS, HIV/AIDS",
author = "Abraham, {Alison G.} and Althoff, {Keri N.} and Yuezhou Jing and Estrella, {Michelle M.} and Kitahata, {Mari M.} and Wester, {C. William} and Bosch, {Ronald J.} and Heidi Crane and Eron, {Joseph J.} and Gill, {M. John} and Horberg, {Michael A.} and Justice, {Amy C.} and Marina Klein and Mayor, {Angel M.} and Moore, {Richard D.} and Palella, {Frank J.} and Parikh, {Chirag R.} and Silverberg, {Michael J.} and Golub, {Elizabeth T.} and Jacobson, {Lisa P.} and Sonia Napravnik and Lucas, {Gregory M.} and Kirk, {Gregory D.} and Benson, {Constance A.} and Collier, {Ann C.} and Stephen Boswell and Chris Grasso and Ken Mayer and Hogg, {Robert S.} and Richard Harrigan and Julio Montaner and Angela Cescon and Brooks, {John T.} and Kate Buchacz and Gebo, {Kelly A.} and Benigno Rodriguez and Thorne, {Jennifer E.} and Goedert, {James J.} and Rourke, {Sean B.} and Ann Burchell and Rachlis, {Anita R.} and Hunter-Mellado, {Robert F.} and Deeks, {Steven G.} and Martin, {Jeffrey N.} and Saag, {Michael S.} and Mugavero, {Michael J.} and James Willig and Robert Dubrow and David Fiellin and Sterling, {Timothy R.} and David Haas and Sally Bebawy and Megan Turner and Gange, {Stephen J.} and Kathryn Anastos and McKaig, {Rosemary G.} and Freeman, {Aimee M.} and Carol Lent and {Van Rompaey}, {Stephen E.} and Eric Webster and Liz Morton and Brenda Simon and Bryan Lau and Jinbing Zhang and Shari Modur and Hanna, {David B.} and Peter Rebeiro and Cherise Wong and Adell Mendes",
note = "Funding Information: Financial support. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers U01-AI069918, U01-AA013566, U01-AI31834, U01-AI34989, U01-AI34993, U01-AI34994, U01-AI35004, U01-HD32632, U01-AI42590, U01-AI35039, U01-AI35040, U01-AI35041, U01-AI35042, U01-AI35043, U01-AI37613, U01-AI37984, U01-AI38855, U01-AI38858, U01-AI68634, U01-AI68636, U01-AI69432, U01-AI69434, U10-EY08057, U10-EY08052, U10-EY08067, UL1-RR024131, MO1-RR-00052, M01-RR000071, M01-RR000079, M01-RR000083, M01-RR025747, N02-CP 55504, P30-AI094189, P30-AI27757, P30-AI27767, P30-AI50410, P30-AI54999, P30-AI036219, R01-AA16893, R01-DA04334, R01-DA12568, R01-DA11602, R01-CA165937, R24-AI067039, Z01-CP010176, U54MD 007587, G12MD007583, and K01-AI071725 [to M. J. S.], K01-AI071754 [to B. R. L.], K01-AI093197 [to K. N. A.], K23-DK081317 [to M. M. E.], K24-00432, K23-EY013707, and F31-DA30254 [to D. H.], and K24 DA035684 and R01 DA026770 [to G. M. L.]); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (contract number CDC200-2011-41872); the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (contract number HHSA 290-2011-00007C); the Health Resources and Services Administration (contract number HHSA 250-2012-00008C); the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant numbers KRS-86251, TGF-96118, HCP-97105, CBR-86906, CBR-94036, and 169621); the Canadian HIV Trials Network (project 242); and the government of British Columbia, Canada. G. M. L. was supported by R01 DA026770/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States.",
year = "2015",
month = mar,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1093/cid/ciu919",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "60",
pages = "941--949",
journal = "Clinical Infectious Diseases",
issn = "1058-4838",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "6",
}