DNA damage by gliotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus. An occupational and environmental propagule: Adduct detection as measured by ³²P DNA radiolabelling and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography

Gliotoxin is produced by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus is widespread in the environment and this ubiquitous nature results in disease and co-carcinogenesis to be distributed world-wide. Gliotoxin contains an epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) ring that is believed to be involved in redox reactions. The reactive oxygen species produced interact with DNA to form hydroxylated and other altered DNA products. To measure DNA adduct formation, we used ³²P radiolabelling and, after enzymatic DNA digestion, separated adducts in two dimensions using thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC), with ultimate autoradiography and densitometry. HeLa DNA was incubated with 0.1 mmol l^-1 and 0.3 mmol l^-1 of gliotoxin (and necessary redox agents) for 1 and 20 h. We found an increase in 6-hydro-5,6- dihydroxythymidine (thymine glycol) monophosphate [d(TG)MP] from 0.0% to 30.4%, an increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanidine monophosphate [8(OH)dGMP] from 0.0% to 4.2%, an increase in deoxynucleotide diphosphate (dNDP) from zero adducts to six DNA adducts, as well as an increase of other as yet unidentified adducts. Also, time exposure may have a greater effect than concentration based on a 20-h incubation with 0.3 mmol l^-1 gliotoxin that completely obliterates the pyrimidines deoxythymidine 3'-monophosphate (dTMP) and deoxycytidine 3'-monophosphate (dCMP).