TY - JOUR
T1 - Discrimination and Education Quality Moderate the Association of Sleep With Cognitive Function in Older Black Adults
T2 - Results From the Einstein Aging Study
AU - Ji, Linying
AU - Zhaoyang, Ruixue
AU - Jiao, June L.
AU - Schade, Margeaux M.
AU - Bertisch, Suzanne
AU - Derby, Carol A.
AU - Buxton, Orfeu M.
AU - Gamaldo, Alyssa A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved.
PY - 2023/4/1
Y1 - 2023/4/1
N2 - Objectives: Heterogeneity among Black adults' experiences of discrimination and education quality independently influence cognitive function and sleep, and may also influence the extent to which sleep is related to cognitive function. We investigated the effect of discrimination on the relationship between objective sleep characteristics and cognitive function in older Black adults with varying education quality. Method: Cross-sectional analyses include Black participants in the Einstein Aging Study (N = 104, mean age = 77.2 years, 21% males). Sleep measures were calculated from wrist actigraphy (15.4 ± 1.3 days). Mean ambulatory cognitive function (i.e., spatial working memory, processing speed/visual attention, and short-term memory binding) was assessed with validated smartphone-based cognitive tests (6 daily). A modified Williams Everyday Discrimination Scale measured discriminatory experiences. Linear regression, stratified by reading literacy (an indicator of education quality), was conducted to investigate whether discrimination moderated associations between sleep and ambulatory cognitive function for individuals with varying reading literacy levels. Models controlled for age, income, sleep-disordered breathing, and sex assigned at birth. Results: Higher reading literacy was associated with better cognitive performance. For participants with both lower reading literacy and more discriminatory experiences, longer mean sleep time was associated with slower processing speed, and lower sleep quality was associated with worse working memory. Later sleep midpoint and longer nighttime sleep were associated with worse spatial working memory for participants with low reading literacy, independent of their discriminatory experiences. Discussion: Sociocultural factors (i.e., discrimination and education quality) can further explain the association between sleep and cognitive functioning and cognitive impairment risk among older Black adults.
AB - Objectives: Heterogeneity among Black adults' experiences of discrimination and education quality independently influence cognitive function and sleep, and may also influence the extent to which sleep is related to cognitive function. We investigated the effect of discrimination on the relationship between objective sleep characteristics and cognitive function in older Black adults with varying education quality. Method: Cross-sectional analyses include Black participants in the Einstein Aging Study (N = 104, mean age = 77.2 years, 21% males). Sleep measures were calculated from wrist actigraphy (15.4 ± 1.3 days). Mean ambulatory cognitive function (i.e., spatial working memory, processing speed/visual attention, and short-term memory binding) was assessed with validated smartphone-based cognitive tests (6 daily). A modified Williams Everyday Discrimination Scale measured discriminatory experiences. Linear regression, stratified by reading literacy (an indicator of education quality), was conducted to investigate whether discrimination moderated associations between sleep and ambulatory cognitive function for individuals with varying reading literacy levels. Models controlled for age, income, sleep-disordered breathing, and sex assigned at birth. Results: Higher reading literacy was associated with better cognitive performance. For participants with both lower reading literacy and more discriminatory experiences, longer mean sleep time was associated with slower processing speed, and lower sleep quality was associated with worse working memory. Later sleep midpoint and longer nighttime sleep were associated with worse spatial working memory for participants with low reading literacy, independent of their discriminatory experiences. Discussion: Sociocultural factors (i.e., discrimination and education quality) can further explain the association between sleep and cognitive functioning and cognitive impairment risk among older Black adults.
KW - Actigraphy
KW - Black adults
KW - Cognitive aging
KW - Experiences of discrimination
KW - Sociocultural factors
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U2 - 10.1093/geronb/gbac183
DO - 10.1093/geronb/gbac183
M3 - Article
C2 - 36420651
AN - SCOPUS:85151575562
SN - 1079-5014
VL - 78
SP - 596
EP - 608
JO - Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
JF - Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
IS - 4
ER -