TY - JOUR
T1 - Carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer defined by estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status
T2 - A pooled analysis of 18 prospective cohort studies
AU - Zhang, Xuehong
AU - Spiegelman, Donna
AU - Baglietto, Laura
AU - Bernstein, Leslie
AU - Boggs, Deborah A.
AU - Van Den Brandt, Piet A.
AU - Buring, Julie E.
AU - Gapstur, Susan M.
AU - Giles, Graham G.
AU - Giovannucci, Edward
AU - Goodman, Gary
AU - Hankinson, Susan E.
AU - Helzlsouer, Kathy J.
AU - Horn-Ross, Pamela L.
AU - Inoue, Manami
AU - Jung, Seungyoun
AU - Khudyakov, Polyna
AU - Larsson, Susanna C.
AU - Lof, Marie
AU - McCullough, Marjorie L.
AU - Miller, Anthony B.
AU - Neuhouser, Marian L.
AU - Palmer, Julie R.
AU - Park, Yikyung
AU - Robien, Kim
AU - Rohan, Thomas E.
AU - Ross, Julie A.
AU - Schouten, Leo J.
AU - Shikany, James M.
AU - Tsugane, Shoichiro
AU - Visvanathan, Kala
AU - Weiderpass, Elisabete
AU - Wolk, Alicja
AU - Willett, Walter C.
AU - Zhang, Shumin M.
AU - Ziegler, Regina G.
AU - Smith-Warner, Stephanie A.
PY - 2012/3/1
Y1 - 2012/3/1
N2 - Background: Epidemiologic studies examining associations between carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status are limited. Objective: We investigated these associations in a pooled analysis of 18 cohort studies. Design: Of 1,028,438 participants followed for a maximum follow-up of 26 y across studies, 33,380 incident invasive breast cancers were identified. Study-specific RRs and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards regression and then pooled by using a random-effects model. Results: α-Carotene, β-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin intakes were inversely associated with the risk of ER-negative (ER-) breast cancer (pooled multivariable RRs of the comparison between the highest and lowest quintiles): α-carotene (0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.97), β-carotene (0.84; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.93), and lutein/zeaxanthin (0.87; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.95). These variables were not inversely associated with the risk of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer (pooled multivariable RRs for the same comparison): α-carotene (1.04; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.09), β-carotene (1.04; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.10), and lutein/zeaxanthin (1.00; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.07). Although the pooled RRs for quintile 5 for β-cryptoxanthin were not significant, inverse trends were observed for ER- and ER+ breast cancer (P-trend ≤ 0.05). Nonsignificant associations were observed for lycopene intake. The associations were largely not appreciably modified by several breast cancer risk factors. Nonsignificant associations were observed for PR-positive and PR-negative breast cancer. Conclusions: Intakes of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin were inversely associated with risk of ER-, but not ER+, breast cancer. However, the results need to be interpreted with caution because it is unclear whether the observed association is real or due to other constituents in the same food sources.
AB - Background: Epidemiologic studies examining associations between carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status are limited. Objective: We investigated these associations in a pooled analysis of 18 cohort studies. Design: Of 1,028,438 participants followed for a maximum follow-up of 26 y across studies, 33,380 incident invasive breast cancers were identified. Study-specific RRs and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards regression and then pooled by using a random-effects model. Results: α-Carotene, β-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin intakes were inversely associated with the risk of ER-negative (ER-) breast cancer (pooled multivariable RRs of the comparison between the highest and lowest quintiles): α-carotene (0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.97), β-carotene (0.84; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.93), and lutein/zeaxanthin (0.87; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.95). These variables were not inversely associated with the risk of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer (pooled multivariable RRs for the same comparison): α-carotene (1.04; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.09), β-carotene (1.04; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.10), and lutein/zeaxanthin (1.00; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.07). Although the pooled RRs for quintile 5 for β-cryptoxanthin were not significant, inverse trends were observed for ER- and ER+ breast cancer (P-trend ≤ 0.05). Nonsignificant associations were observed for lycopene intake. The associations were largely not appreciably modified by several breast cancer risk factors. Nonsignificant associations were observed for PR-positive and PR-negative breast cancer. Conclusions: Intakes of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin were inversely associated with risk of ER-, but not ER+, breast cancer. However, the results need to be interpreted with caution because it is unclear whether the observed association is real or due to other constituents in the same food sources.
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U2 - 10.3945/ajcn.111.014415
DO - 10.3945/ajcn.111.014415
M3 - Article
C2 - 22277553
AN - SCOPUS:84863267304
SN - 0002-9165
VL - 95
SP - 713
EP - 725
JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
IS - 3
ER -
